{"id":2200,"date":"2024-03-28T07:50:56","date_gmt":"2024-03-28T07:50:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/circulareconomyforfood.eu\/viticulture-climate-change-and-future-scenarios\/"},"modified":"2024-06-19T10:54:53","modified_gmt":"2024-06-19T10:54:53","slug":"viticulture-climate-change-and-future-scenarios","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulareconomyforfood.eu\/en\/viticulture-climate-change-and-future-scenarios\/","title":{"rendered":"Viticulture, climate change and future scenarios"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

by<\/em>Sustainability and Circular Economy Workshop<\/em>Pollenzo University of Gastronomic Sciences<\/em>With the collaboration of Prof. Gabriele Volpato<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n

The climate crisis has become a central element in food production. This is because on the one hand, the agriculture and livestock sector is among the sectors that contribute the most to climate-altering gas emissions into the atmosphere, significantly accelerating the rise in temperatures on a global scale, and on the other hand, agriculture is also itself a victim of the consequences of climate change. Extreme weather events, plant diseases, drought, new pests and desertification are some of the issues that will increasingly pose a challenge in terms of food production and agricultural yield. <\/p>\n\n

These dramatic and progressive upheaval scenarios involve all of agriculture, with particular emphasis on the wine sector. Here we register worrying repercussions on the productivity and quality of harvested grapes. Individual climatic elements-such as temperature, light and rainfall-are strongly related to productivity, sugar content, acidity and aromaticity, in short, all those elements that characterize the typicality of a wine. Rising temperatures in the earth’s crust change the thermal conditions of cultivated areas accordingly. The 50th parallel north is the historic limit of viticulture (Fregoni, 2013), but global warming is pushing grape cultivation to regions further and further north and higher in elevation. Now grapevines can be planted even in cold and snowy states such as Norway, with viticulture extraordinarily reaching as far north as the 59th parallel (Eunews, 2018). It is not only Norway that is measuring itself against these new productions. In recent years, vineyards have also been planted in Belgium, Denmark, England and Sweden. Some of these vines are hybrids, thus bred specifically for colder climates, but you will also not struggle to find the more classic European grapes such as Chardonnay, Nebbiolo and Pinot Noir (The New York Times, 2018). The southern hemisphere is also seeing producers pushing further and further south, with experimental plantations in places like Patagonia or Chile (Cubanfoodla, 2021). <\/p>\n\n

Thus, the world geography of wine production is changing. Therefore, there is a gradual shift: areas not historically and pedoclimatically related to viticulture will see new vineyards planted. Areas, on the other hand, traditionally suited for wine production will gradually turn into sub-tropical areas, with scarcity of water resources, frequent sunburn or scorching of berries and over-accelerated ripening, situations that can drastically increase level of sugars contained in grapes. When it gets too hot, this ripens faster, leading to an increase in sugars and, consequently, alcohol in the final product (Gaidos et al., 2014). These are all sensory alterations in the final product that will have to be increasingly kept under control if we are to aim for a quality wine. <\/p>\n\n

Moreover, on a global scale, the impacts of climate change on viticultural suitability are substantial and lead to possible conservation conflicts in land use and freshwater ecosystems. Some studies predict that the area suitable for viticulture will decrease from 25 percent to 73 percent in major wine-producing regions by 2050 (Hannah et al., 2013). The resulting progressive establishment of vineyards at higher altitudes will result in greater impacts on mountain ecosystems, with a conversion of the natural landscape to agricultural land. Attempts to maintain wine grape productivity and quality in the face of warming temperatures will undoubtedly lead to increased water use for irrigation and\/or to cool grapes-for example, through spraying or sprinkling-creating potential negative impacts on conservation and freshwater resources (Climatic Oasis, 2021).Already today, unfortunately, due to climate change, we often show harvests about a month earlier than 30 years ago. A situation that is challenging even the language of folk tradition that stems from observation over the long term: the proverb “in August fill the kitchen and in September the cellar”<\/em> (The Coldiretti Point, 2021) would now find it difficult to apply. For example, early harvests are being recorded with increasing frequency throughout Italy (The Republic, 2021). Harvest dates, in fact, are affected by the temperature the grapes received during the growing season, which begins from about April until harvest time. If spring and summer are warm, the grapes ripen faster and the sugar level also increases; therefore, they need to be harvested earlier. If, on the other hand, temperatures are colder, there will be a delay in the start of harvest. Another factor that leads to early harvests, in some cases by as much as weeks, are unpredictable and extreme weather events. This is the case with hailstorms and “water bombs” (i.e., very high clouds charged with water and energy, created by the significant difference in temperature between the ground and sky), which can destroy the work of an entire season in a matter of moments, releasing as much as 200 millimeters of water in a few hours. Such events also risk damaging buildings and flooding warehouses. One example was the 2020 vintage, where in the Biella and Vercelli (Piedmont) areas some winegrowers harvested a week early to avoid the catastrophic consequences of hailstorms in those days (Coldiretti Piemonte, 2020). Unfortunately, it is wine producers who are mainly paying the price of a changing climate, with increasingly violent and devastating phenomena, but also on the consumer side, prices and quality will unfortunately change.<\/p>\n\n

\n

Bibliography and sitography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Coldiretti Piedmont. (2020). Hail on vineyards: harvest brought forward to save what can be saved. Rain, hail and wind in the Vercelli and Biella area<\/strong>.<\/em> – Retrieved July 5, 2021, fromhttps:\/\/vercelli-biella.coldiretti.it\/news\/grandine-sui-vigneti-anticipata-la-vendemmia-per-salvare-il-salvabile-pioggia-grandine-e-vento-a-cavallo-tra-vercellese-e-biellese\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Extreme conditions and changing climate on Patagonia’s southern wine frontier – South America<\/em>\n<\/strong>. (2021). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/it.cubanfoodla.com\/extreme-conditions-changing-climate-patagonia-s-southern-winemaking-frontier<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eunews. (2018). \n Wine can also be made in Norway, and an Italian is making it,<\/strong>\n<\/em> Retrieved March 13, 2018, fromhttps:\/\/www.eunews.it\/2018\/03\/13\/vino-si-puo-anche-norvegia-produrlo-un-italiano\/102385<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fregoni, M. (2013). \n Quality viticulture.<\/strong>\n<\/em>. Milan: New Techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gaidos, S. (2014). \n Grape expectations: Climate change is already transforming the wine industry.<\/em>\n<\/strong>. Science News, 185<\/em>(3), 20-24. doi: 10.1002\/scin.5591850316 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hannah, L., Roehrdanz, P., Ikegami, M., Shepard, A., Shaw, M., & Tabor, G. et al. (2013). Climate change, wine, and conservation<\/strong>.<\/em> Proceedings Of The National <\/em>Academy Of Sciences, 110(17), 6907-6912. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1210127110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Climate change brings vineyards to the peaks and olive trees to the North – The Coldiretti Point<\/em>\n<\/strong>. (2021). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ilpuntocoldiretti.it\/attualita\/il-cambio-clima-porta-i-vigneti-sulle-vette-e-gli-ulivi-al-nord\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Great heat anticipates the harvest (almost everywhere). Experts, “It will be a good year throughout Italy.”<\/em><\/strong>. (2021). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/il-gusto\/2021\/08\/17\/news\/il_gran_caldo_anticipa_la_vendemmia_gli_esperti_sara_una_buona_annata_in_tutta_italia_-314311151\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climatic Oasis. (2021). \n Viticulture heat stress.<\/strong>\n<\/em>, Retrieved 5 July 2021,from https:\/\/www.oasiclimatica.it\/viticoltura-stress-calore\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The New York Times. (2018). \n Great Bubbly From England, Believe It or Not.<\/strong>\n<\/em>, Retrieved 5 July 2021,fromhttps:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/12\/20\/dining\/drinks\/english-sparkling-wine.html<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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