{"id":2188,"date":"2024-03-27T17:09:55","date_gmt":"2024-03-27T17:09:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/circulareconomyforfood.eu\/plastic-on-the-plate-how-we-became-plastic-eaters\/"},"modified":"2024-06-19T10:54:52","modified_gmt":"2024-06-19T10:54:52","slug":"plastic-on-the-plate-how-we-became-plastic-eaters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circulareconomyforfood.eu\/en\/plastic-on-the-plate-how-we-became-plastic-eaters\/","title":{"rendered":"Plastic on the plate: how we became plastic eaters"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

by<\/em>Sustainability and Circular Economy Workshop <\/em>Pollenzo University of Gastronomic Sciences<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n

Plastic has completely revolutionized the existence of human beings on the Planet, entailing consequences to be considered for better or worse. Its characteristics make it a material that is now ubiquitous in our lives-from food packaging to medicine and surgery, from the automotive industry to the airplanes we use to move from one part of the globe to another. Now, however, research shows us that the release of such materials into the environment increasingly poses a threat to ecosystems and humans, even going so far as to contaminate what we eat. We turned into plasticophagi within a century. Now it’s our turn to ask how we became plastic eaters and what consequences the now daily ingestion has.<\/p>\n\n

We have a habit of calling different materials plastics, although they have different compositions and purposes. With the introduction of the first plastic materials during the last century, industrial developments seemed endless to us. In 1912, German chemist Klatte first developed polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Only a year later, the Swiss Brandenberger invented Cellophane, a material we still employ today. Transparent, cellulose-based, and produced in very thin, flexible sheets, Cellophane is still found in many food packaging, extending the life of foods. Polyvinyl chloride, on the other hand, has upended the horizons of modern medicine, as over time it has become the most widely used plastic in life-saving single-use medical devices, given its functionality and low cost of production. We have developed oxygen and anesthesia masks, tubing, IV and dialysis bags, vascular, cardiac and eye surgical devices. Plastic has saved lives, but the use of this material is endangering our health on this planet. <\/p>\n\n

The plastic problem stems from our inability to handle it. We produce from a single-use perspective: we use once and throw away immediately, accumulating massive amounts of waste that we no longer know where to put. Thus plastic, dispersed into the environment instead of being collected and processed in sorting and recycling plants, ends up in soils, the sea and rivers, becoming a contaminant. This is not a purely aesthetic problem: the millions of tons of plastics we dump into the seas each year have not only destroyed marine habitats by turning them into veritable landfills, but are exposing us to the daily intake-through the plate-of elements that are harmful to our health. And of all this we do not know and do not fully understand the consequences for our bodies in terms of toxicity and toxicokinetics. <\/p>\n\n

The problem of environmental leakage and plastic intrusion into our food lies in the degradation of these materials. In fact, before being assimilated by the environment, these wastes fragment into many tiny pieces, so-called microplastics and nanoplastics; these enter the marine trophic chain, ingested by phytoplankton. Phytoplankton, in turn, provide food for larger organisms, including several species of fish, crustaceans, dolphins, sharks, mollusks and other mammals that we ourselves end up finding on our tables. In short, the plastic that ends up in the sea comes back to us in the form of fish (EFSA, 2016). There is also more to be said about trophic chains: smaller fish accumulate amounts of plastic based on what their mass is. Those who feed on them, such as tuna and swordfish, also take in and ingest the plastic eaten by them as a result. Therefore, the larger the fish we eat, the greater the density of plastics it contains. We eat plastic indirectly-about 5 grams per week (Wit & Bigaud, 2019)-especially when we get shellfish on our plates. Because we consume them whole, we ingest all that they have absorbed, while fish we gut, thus being able to eliminate the contents of their stomachs.<\/p>\n\n

Table salt, bottled water, honey and beer<\/h2>\n\n

Bringing plastic to our plates is mainly fish, but not only. The nonmarine spending we do, put under the magnifying glass, shows even more alarming data. In 2017, a team of Spanish researchers studied 21 types of table salt. Samples include sea salts, before and after packaging. The content of microplastics found is 50-280 MPs\/kg salt, with polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) as the most frequently detected polymer, followed by polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). The results indicate that although microparticles could come from multiple sources, there remains a background presence of microplastics in the environment in any case (I\u00f1iguez et al., 2017).<\/p>\n\n

Even worse is the idea that not even a glass of water can come to our rescue. The tiny plastic polymers have even been detected in bottled mineral water used for drinking around the world. Since there are few microplastics reported in groundwater drinking water, it is suspected that these enter bottled water mainly in the cleaning and bottle filling stages (Weisser et al., 2021). <\/p>\n\n

The bottles in which we buy water are generally made of PET, polyethylene terephthalate, a material that can release plastic fragments into the contained solvent (Pivokonsky et al., 2018). A 2021 study conducted in Malaysia investigated the presence of microplastics in locally produced bottled water. A total of 40 bottled water samples of 4 local products were studied. A total of 2,022 microplastics were detected in the samples, with an average of 50.6 particles per bottle. Beads, fibers and fragments were detected in all samples, but fiber (48 percent) and fragment (36 percent) made up the majority (84 percent) of the microplastics in the samples (Wong et al., 2021). <\/p>\n\n

Not even by taking refuge in beer would we be completely safe from ingesting plastic, where we find a mixture of barley, hops, water and plastic polymers. A study of 24 German beer brands bottled in glass (including the ten most popular in Germany), showed that out of 12 ales, 5 wheat beers and 7 non-alcoholic beers, purchased at the supermarket, every single bottle contained plastic fragments, fibers and granules (Liebezeit & Liebezeit, 2014). <\/p>\n\n

These plastic fragments and fibers have also been detected in honey marketed and consumed in Europe and America. Using techniques of microfiltration and degradation of organic matter with hydrogen peroxide, followed by continuous rinsing of the compound with deionized water, a group of scientists recorded a worrisome 12 percent presence of microplastics in honeys in glass jars on the market (Diaz-Basantes, Conesa & Fullana, 2020). In terms of composition, however, the main microplastics found were polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylamide. <\/p>\n\n

The authors of these two studies on beer and honey, highlight how the fact that there are microplastics in these products may be due both to their presence in the raw materials (water, barley, hops, etc.) and from the production process, during which the use of plastic elements is ubiquitous (Liebezeit & Liebezeit, 2014)(Diaz-Basantes, Conesa & Fullana, 2020). <\/p>\n\n

Thus, we can go so far as to call ourselves plastophagic mammals, given the numerous plastic fragments we ingest every day along with the food and drink we consume. How much and what harm these microplastic invasions can cause to our health is the question that immediately arises. However, this is a question that scientists have yet to find a definitive answer to, as studies on the effects on our bodies are lacking. <\/p>\n\n

\n

Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Diaz-Basantes, M., Conesa, J., & Fullana, A. (2020). Microplastics in Honey, Beer, Milk and Refreshments in Ecuador as Emerging Contaminants<\/strong>. <\/em>Sustainability, 12(14), 5514. doi: 10.3390\/su12145514<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EFSA. <\/em>(2016). Presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood<\/strong>.<\/em> EFSA Journal, 14(6). doi: 10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4501<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I\u00f1iguez, M., Conesa, J., & Fullana, A. (2017). Microplastics in Spanish Table Salt.<\/em> Scientific Reports<\/em>, 7<\/em><\/strong> (1). doi: 10.1038\/s41598-017-09128-x<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liebezeit, G., & Liebezeit, E. (2014). Synthetic particles as contaminants in German beers<\/strong>. <\/em>Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(9), 1574-1578. doi: 10.1080\/19440049.2014.945099<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pivokonsky M., Cermakova L., Novotna K., Peer P., Cajthaml T., Janda V.. \n Occurrence of microplastics in raw and treated drinking water.<\/strong>\n<\/em>. Science of the Total Environment 643 (2018) 1644 – 1651. doi: 10.10 16\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.102<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weisser, J., Beer, I., Hufnagl, B., Hofmann, T., Lohninger, H., Ivleva, N., & Glas, K. (2021). \n From the Well to the Bottle: Identifying Sources of Microplastics in Mineral Water.<\/strong>\n<\/em>. Water, 13 (6), 841. doi: 10.3390\/w13060841<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wit, W., & Bigaud, N. (2019). \n No plastic in nature: assessing plastic ingestion from nature to people.<\/strong>\n<\/em>. Retrieved June 28, 2021, from link: https:\/\/apo.org.au\/node\/244456<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wong, N., Chai, C., Bamgbade, J., Ma, G., & Hii, G. (2021). Detection of Microplastics in Bottled Water<\/strong>.<\/em> Materials Science Forum, 1030, 169-176. doi: 10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/msf.1030.169<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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